A destinação de terrenos para serem incorporados ao patrimônio público municipal é um dos requisitos obrigatórios nos projetos de loteamentos.
As áreas destinadas no projeto de loteamento aos sistemas de circulação, a implantação de equipamento urbano e comunitário, bem como a espaços livres de uso público, serão em quantidade proporcional à densidade de ocupação prevista pelo Plano Diretor ou aprovada por lei municipal para a zona em que se situem. O legislador alterou a redação do §1º, do artigo 4º, da lei 6.766/79, através da lei 9.785/99, deixando de exigir que essas áreas sejam reservadas no percentual mínimo de 35% (trinta e cinco por cento). Agora, compete aos Municípios definir qual será o percentual mínimo de áreas públicas que será exigido, cujo valor será proporcional a densidade de ocupação, em relação a zona em que estejam situados. Deve-se acrescentar ao método de definição do percentual de áreas públicas a natureza do próprio empreendimento, pois dependendo de suas características, poderá haver um grande adensamento populacional, exigindo a reserva de vias mais largas, para facilitar o trânsito, e áreas para instalação de equipamentos comunitários, tal como postos de saúde, creches, escolas.
São dois os aspectos fundamentais a serem respeitados pelo Município na indicação dos tipos de equipamentos comunitários necessários e no percentual dessas áreas públicas: "finalidade do empreendimento" e "densidade de ocupação".
A "finalidade do empreendimento" é um fator a ser considerado no estabelecimento dos percentuais de áreas destinadas ao uso público porque sendo um loteamento para a instalação de prédios comerciais, tal como bancos, supermercados e shopping centers, a largura do traçado urbano deverá ser maior do que a adotada para loteamentos exclusivamente residenciais, diante da grande circulação de automóveis, ônibus e caminhões de entrega, assim como a necessidade de vagas de estacionamento e espaços livres para garantia do livre acesso e segurança das pessoas. Fala-se em "densidade de ocupação" porque o loteamento com lotes de 400 m², com taxa de ocupação de 50%, admitindo somente casas e sobrados, tem um adensamento menor do que o loteamento com lotes de 200 m², com taxa de ocupação de 80% e prédios de até 5 andares. Quanto maior o adensamento, maior deverá ser o percentual de áreas públicas para que suporte a demanda por equipamentos urbanos de infraestrutura e equipamentos comunitários para os serviços sociais.
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Percentual de áreas públicas nos loteamentos
Jamilson Lisboa Sabino
A destinação de terrenos para serem incorporados ao patrimônio público municipal é um dos requisitos obrigatórios nos projetos de loteamentos.
quinta-feira, 23 de março de 2023
Atualizado às 14:37
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As áreas destinadas no projeto de loteamento aos sistemas de circulação, a implantação de equipamento urbano e comunitário, bem como a espaços livres de uso público, serão em quantidade proporcional à densidade de ocupação prevista pelo Plano Diretor ou aprovada por lei municipal para a zona em que se situem. O legislador alterou a redação do §1º, do artigo 4º, da lei 6.766/79, através da lei 9.785/99, deixando de exigir que essas áreas sejam reservadas no percentual mínimo de 35% (trinta e cinco por cento). Agora, compete aos Municípios definir qual será o percentual mínimo de áreas públicas que será exigido, cujo valor será proporcional a densidade de ocupação, em relação a zona em que estejam situados. Deve-se acrescentar ao método de definição do percentual de áreas públicas a natureza do próprio empreendimento, pois dependendo de suas características, poderá haver um grande adensamento populacional, exigindo a reserva de vias mais largas, para facilitar o trânsito, e áreas para instalação de equipamentos comunitários, tal como postos de saúde, creches, escolas.
São dois os aspectos fundamentais a serem respeitados pelo Município na indicação dos tipos de equipamentos comunitários necessários e no percentual dessas áreas públicas: "finalidade do empreendimento" e "densidade de ocupação".
A "finalidade do empreendimento" é um fator a ser considerado no estabelecimento dos percentuais de áreas destinadas ao uso público porque sendo um loteamento para a instalação de prédios comerciais, tal como bancos, supermercados e shopping centers, a largura do traçado urbano deverá ser maior do que a adotada para loteamentos exclusivamente residenciais, diante da grande circulação de automóveis, ônibus e caminhões de entrega, assim como a necessidade de vagas de estacionamento e espaços livres para garantia do livre acesso e segurança das pessoas. Fala-se em "densidade de ocupação" porque o loteamento com lotes de 400 m², com taxa de ocupação de 50%, admitindo somente casas e sobrados, tem um adensamento menor do que o loteamento com lotes de 200 m², com taxa de ocupação de 80% e prédios de até 5 andares. Quanto maior o adensamento, maior deverá ser o percentual de áreas públicas para que suporte a demanda por equipamentos urbanos de infraestrutura e equipamentos comunitários para os serviços sociais.
Para que possa ter uma projeção das áreas que integrarão os equipamentos comunitários, deverá levar em consideração as estatísticas municipais para a zona que projetem o crescimento do número de estudantes na rede pública de ensino, o número de atendimentos hospitalares e eventuais estatísticas sobre outros serviços públicos essenciais, além das recomendações do Ministério da Saúde e da Organização Mundial de Saúde sobre o número mínimo de leitos por habitante.
Esse percentual de áreas públicas a ser definido pela legislação municipal, deverá levar em conta não apenas a densidade demográfica prevista para o loteamento, mas a prevista para a zona em que ele se situa, tal como previu o legislador, no artigo 4º, inciso I, in fine, da lei 6.766/79.
O empreendedor é obrigado a destinar essas áreas públicas ao Município, motivo pelo qual os espaços livres de uso comum, as vias e praças, as áreas destinadas a edifícios públicos e outros equipamentos urbanos, constantes do projeto e do memorial descritivo, não poderão ter sua destinação alterada pelo loteador, desde a aprovação do loteamento, salvo as hipóteses de caducidade da licença ou desistência do loteador.
Cabe ressaltar que apenas as áreas públicas previstas no artigo 4º, I, da lei 6.766/79, isto é, sistema viário, equipamentos urbanos, equipamentos comunitários e espaços livres (áreas verdes), podem ser consideradas no percentual de áreas públicas destinadas ao Município. As áreas "não edificáveis" previstas no inciso III, III-A e III-B (rodovias, ferrovias e margens das águas correntes e dormentes) não entram no cálculo das áreas de domínio público.
Em Minas Gerais o decreto estadual 48.253/21, estabeleceu que o percentual de áreas públicas não poderá ser inferior a 35% da gleba total a ser parcelada, observando-se maiores restrições da legislação municipal. A norma estadual mineira nos parece ilegal, pois a lei 6.766/79, no artigo 4º, delega aos Municípios a definição desses percentuais, razão pelo qual não teria o Estado competência para fazê-lo. Já no Rio Grande do Sul, a lei Estadual 10.116/94, em seu artigo 20, que também entendemos ser ilegal, determina que a porcentagem de áreas destinadas ao sistema viário e à implantação de equipamentos urbanos e comunitários será proporcional às densidades populacionais previstas para a gleba, e nunca inferior a 35% da mesma, salvo nos loteamentos destinados ao uso industrial cujos lotes forem maiores do que 15.000m2 (quinze mil metros quadrados), caso em que esta percentagem poderá ser reduzida. Em Santa Catarina, o artigo 7º, da lei Estadual 17.492/18 exige 35% de áreas públicas nos loteamentos. No Espírito Santo, o artigo 11, da lei Estadual 7.943/04, fixou em 35% o percentual de áreas públicas, mas admite percentual inferior caso o Município legisle a respeito. Outros Estados, corretamente, deixaram para os Municípios fixarem esse percentual, respeitando a lei federal de parcelamento do solo urbano.
Fonte: Migalhas.
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