A lei trouxe várias mudanças importantes para o setor da construção civil, destacando-se a possibilidade de instituir o regime de patrimônio de afetação em loteamentos - algo que, até então, só era permitido na incorporação imobiliária.
Foi promulgada em 14/07 a lei 14.620/2023, estabelecendo as diretrizes do novo programa Minha Casa Minha Vida.
A Lei trouxe várias mudanças importantes para o setor da construção civil, destacando-se a possibilidade de instituir o regime de patrimônio de afetação em loteamentos - algo que, até então, só era permitido na incorporação imobiliária.
Essa previsão era uma demanda antiga dos loteadores e trará mais segurança e solidez ao setor.
O que é patrimônio de afetação?
O mercado imobiliário, devido à sua relevância para a economia e sua complexidade, demanda soluções jurídicas e financeiras robustas.
Uma dessas soluções é o patrimônio de afetação, mecanismo jurídico cuja finalidade é de conferir maior segurança aos negócios realizados no âmbito da incorporação imobiliária e, agora, de loteamentos.
O Patrimônio de Afetação é um mecanismo jurídico, que permite a segregação de um conjunto de bens de uma loteadora em relação aos demais, com o objetivo de garantir a sua destinação exclusiva para um determinado empreendimento imobiliário, como um loteamento, por exemplo.
Quando a loteadora opta por instituir o Patrimônio de Afetação, os bens e direitos relacionados a um determinado empreendimento imobiliário ficam isolados dos demais ativos da empresa, formando um patrimônio autônomo e independente, que será destinado exclusivamente para a realização daquele empreendimento.
A principal vantagem dessa separação patrimonial é a segurança jurídica que ela proporciona aos compradores dos lotes, pois em caso de falência da incorporadora, os recursos destinados à construção do empreendimento ficam protegidos e não são afetados pelo processo de recuperação judicial ou falência da empresa.
Com isso, os compradores têm mais garantias de que o empreendimento será entregue dentro dos prazos estabelecidos e de acordo com as especificações contratadas.
Além disso, o Patrimônio de Afetação também traz maior transparência e controle sobre os recursos destinados a um empreendimento, pois é obrigatório que haja uma contabilidade separada e específica para cada patrimônio afetado, o que permite uma melhor fiscalização por parte dos órgãos reguladores e dos próprios compradores.
Vale destacar que, de acordo com a legislação brasileira, a instituição do Patrimônio de Afetação é opcional, ou seja, cabe à loteadora decidir se irá ou não adotar esse mecanismo.
Vantagens do patrimônio de afetação
A afetação do loteamento traz inúmeras vantagens, aumentando a segurança tanto para o loteador quanto para o adquirente e garantindo, na maioria dos casos, a entrega do empreendimento no prazo contratual.
Ainda assim, as principais vantagens são:
- O patrimônio fica apartado, não se comunicando com os demais bens, direitos e deveres do loteador, só respondendo pelos débitos oriundos do empreendimento afetado;
- Se o loteador causar prejuízos ao loteamento submetido ao regime de patrimônio de afetação, ele será responsabilizado;
- Os bens objetos do empreendimento afetado somente poderão ser dados em garantia se o produto do crédito for utilizado no mesmo loteamento;
- Em hipótese de falência do loteador, as obrigações e direitos do empreendimento submetido à afetação não integrarão a massa concursal.
Na ótica do loteador, o maior benefício seria a possibilidade de adesão ao Regime Especial Tributário (RET), que ainda não é aplicável aos loteamentos.
Requisitos e procedimento para afetação
O patrimônio de afetação é uma liberalidade conferida à loteadora, todavia, optando por assim prosseguir, não há como voltar, já que é irretratável.
Sua constituição se dá por meio de averbação no Cartório de Registro de Imóveis, podendo ser feita a qualquer tempo, ainda que as obras já tenham se iniciado, através de termo firmado pelo loteador e, quando for o caso, pelos titulares de direitos reais de aquisição de lotes daquele empreendimento.
Após essa etapa, é necessária a comunicação aos adquirentes de unidades do empreendimento. Importante destacar que a lei permitiu a constituição do patrimônio de afetação a qualquer tempo.
A extinção do patrimônio de afetação se dá pela averbação do termo de conclusão da obra ou, quando for o caso, pela extinção das obrigações do loteador em face de instituição financeira, caso tenha havido financiamento da obra.
Conclusão
O patrimônio de afetação se apresenta como uma ferramenta jurídica valiosa para o mercado imobiliário. Por meio da segurança e da transparência que proporciona, ele é capaz de atrair mais investidores e fomentar a confiança nas transações.
Além disso, as modificações legislativas recentes que permitiram a afetação de loteamentos e a constituição do patrimônio de afetação em qualquer fase do empreendimento demonstram o dinamismo e a adaptabilidade desse instrumento à realidade do setor.
Assim, empresas loteadoras devem considerá-lo em suas estratégias, de modo a aprimorar a gestão de seus empreendimentos e fomentar a sua expansão no mercado.
Todavia, o principal benefício, na ótica do loteador, seria a adesão ao Regime Especial Tributário (RET) que, até então, é aplicável apenas à incorporação imobiliária. Nesse sentido, a questão é verificar se, na prática, as empresas irão aderir ao patrimônio de afetação.
Fonte: Migalhas.
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